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1.
Cad. Saúde Pública (Online) ; 35(supl.3): e00073918, 2019. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1019647

ABSTRACT

El objetivo de este trabajo fue realizar una revisión de la situación de salud y nutrición del niño indígena chileno, específicamente del Mapuche, en lo publicado en las bases de datos de referencias bibliográficas y en investigaciones específicas que tienen base poblacional. Para este trabajo se buscó lo publicado en PubMed, LILACS, organismos nacionales e internacionales, durante los últimos 15 años. Desde el 2006 hasta el 2015 la proporción de pobres era mayor en los indígenas, con disminución de la brecha de 16% el 2006 a 7,7% el 2015 (p < 0,001). En la primera década de este siglo la mortalidad infantil en los niños indígenas tenía una tasa de 17,1/1.000 nacidos vivos, mientras en los no indígenas era de de 8,8/1.000 y, en el seguimiento de cinco años, la brecha se mantuvo (p < 0,001). Los recién nacidos con peso < 2,500g el año 2000 no superaban el 6% (5,6% en no indígenas y 5,2% en los indígenas). La talla baja al ingreso a la escuela era 8,4% en los escolares indígenas y 3,1% en los no indígenas, disminuyendo a 3,7 en los indígenas y 2,6% en los no indígenas el 2004, la obesidad en cambio aumentó más en los indígenas, llegando a 24,2 y 25,3% en los no indígenas (p < 0,001). La menarquia se presentó cuatro meses más tarde en las indígenas (12,7 años) y el índice de masa corporal, circunferencia de cintura y el porcentaje de grasa, fueron significativamente mayores en las indígenas en el momento de la telarquia, así como la frecuencia de exceso de peso (55% vs. 42% en las no indígenas). Los niños Mapuche presentan una condición de salud y nutrición favorable, comparada con los indígenas de otros países del continente, sin embargo, aun existe una brecha adversa -comparada con los no indígenas-, en que la desigualdad desfavorece al niño indígena y esta debe ser reconocida y corregida.


The aim of this study was to conduct a review of the health and nutritional status of Chilean indigenous children, specifically Mapuche children, as published in the literature and specific population-based studies. The searches were conducted in PubMed and LILACS in the last 15 years. From 2006 to 2015, the poverty rate was higher in the indigenous population, with a decrease in the gap from 16% in 2006 to 7.7% in 2015 (p < 0.001). In the first decade of this century, infant mortality in indigenous children was 17.1/1,000 live births, while in non-indigenous children it was 8.8/1,000, and the gap was maintained in the five-year follow-up (p < 0.001). Newborns with birthweight < 2,500g in the year 2000 did not reach 6% (5.6% in non-indigenous and 5.2% in indigenous children). Low height at first school enrollment was 8.4% in indigenous schoolchildren and 3.1% in non-indigenous children, decreasing to 3.7% in indigenous children and 2.6% in non-indigenous children in 2004, while obesity increased more in indigenous children, reaching 24.2% in indigenous and 25.3% in non-indigenous children (p < 0.001). Menarche appeared four months later on average in indigenous girls (12.7 years), and body mass index, waist circumference, and fat mass were significantly greater in indigenous girls at the time of thelarche, as was the overweight rate (55%, vs. 42% in non-indigenous). Mapuche children show favorable health and nutritional status compared to indigenous children elsewhere in Latin America, but there is still an adverse gap compared to non-indigenous Chilean children. This inequality affecting indigenous Chilean children should be acknowledged and corrected.


O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar una revisão da situação da saúde e nutrição da criança indígena chilena, especificamente da Mapuche, nas publicações relacionadas em bases de dados de referências bibliográficas e em pesquisas específicas que têm base populacional. A pesquisa foi realizada em publicações relacionadas: PubMed, LILACS, organismos nacionais e internacionais, nos últimos 15 anos. Desde 2006 até 2015 a proporção de pobres era maior nos indígenas, com diminuição de uma diferença de 16% em 2006 a 7,7% em 2015 (p < 0.001). Na primeira década de este século a mortalidade infantil nas crianças indígenas teve una taxa de 17,1/1.000 nascidas vivas, enquanto nos não indígenas era de 8,8/1.000 e, em um acompanhamento de cinco anos, a diferença se manteve (p < 0,001). Os recém-nascidos com peso < 2.500g no ano de 2000 não superavam 6% (5,6% em não indígenas e 5,2% nos indígenas). A baixa estatura ao momento do ingresso na escola era 8,4% nos escolares indígenas e 3,1% nos não indígenas, diminuindo a 3,7 nos indígenas e 2,6% nos não indígenas em 2004, a obesidade pelo contrário teve um aumento maior nos indígenas, chegando a 24,2 e 25,3% nos não indígenas (p < 0,001). A menarca ocorreu quatro meses mais tarde nas indígenas (12,7 anos) e o índice de massa corporal, circunferência da cintura e a porcentagem da gordura, foram significativamente maiores nas indígenas no período da telarca, à semelhança da frequência do sobrepeso (55% vs. 42% nas não indígenas). As crianças Mapuche apresentam uma condição de saúde e nutrição favorável, comparada com os indígenas de outros países do continente, no entanto, ainda existe uma brecha adversa - comparada com os não indígenas - , onde a desigualdade desfavorece a criança indígena e por isso deve ser reconhecida e corrigida.


Subject(s)
Humans , Child , Birth Weight , Indians, South American/statistics & numerical data , Nutritional Status/ethnology , Population Groups/statistics & numerical data , Socioeconomic Factors , Body Height/ethnology , Body Weight/ethnology , Chile , Child Mortality/ethnology
2.
São Paulo; s.n; 2018. 105 p.
Thesis in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-970148

ABSTRACT

Introdução: Déficits de altura-para-idade (DAI) descrevem falhas no crescimento da criança e estão associados a condições de saúde e socioeconômicas. Evidências sugerem que intervenções durante os primeiros 1000 dias de vida são mais efetivas para reduzir a carga global de DAI. Entretanto, há evidências de recuperação do DAI após este período, fenômeno chamado de catch-up growth (CUG). O CUG descreve um rápido crescimento linear que permite o indivíduo acelerar para e, em condições favoráveis, voltar a sua curva de crescimento pré-doença. Contudo, não há uniformidade na definição operacional de CUG e existem divergências acerca do melhor mensurador do CUG, fator decisivo nas conclusões sobre o tema. Objetivos: Analisar evidências de crescimento acelerado entre crianças e adolescentes de populações multiétnicas utilizando distintas formas de mensuração e caracterizar aspectos epidemiológicos do CUG. Métodos: Utilizaram-se bases de dados de populações multiétnicas. Medidas de altura foram convertidas em escore-z a partir do padrão e referência OMS (2006/07). O CUG foi avaliado pelo escore-z altura-para-idade (HAZ) e pela diferença altura-para-idade (HAD), em centímetros, por meio da variação destes índices e pela canalização do crescimento, utilizando três valores de amplitude de canal (0,67, 0,75 e 0,86 desvio-padrão), assim como pela recuperação do DAI inicial. Os efeitos dos fatores associados ao crescimento sobre o CUG foram estimados em modelos de regressão de Poisson e análise multinível. Entre as variáveis independentes configuraram características socioeconômicas, maternas e da criança e variável contextual indicando o nível de desenvolvimento do país. Resultados: Nas coortes Young Lives e nas Filipinas o HAZ declinou nas idades iniciais e aumentou até o último seguimento. O HAD, contudo, indicou aumento do déficit de altura até o último acompanhamento. Em São Paulo e na Grã-Bretanha ambos índices apresentaram incremento entre os períodos inicial e final, indicando melhoria do estado nutricional. Houve desigualdade de ambos indicadores entre os estratos socioeconômicos. Maiores prevalências de DAI ocorreram nos países menos desenvolvidos, em áreas rurais, em domicílios sem acesso a saneamento e em indivíduos com baixo peso ao nascer, episódios de diarreia na infância e cujas mães possuíam baixa estatura e menor escolaridade; houve relação dose-resposta com o quinto de renda. Houve substancial recuperação do DAI em todos países, com maiores taxas nos mais desenvolvidos. A incidência de CUG a cada cinco anos variou de 7,9% a 15,4% entre 1 e 12 anos de idade e foi 1% nas Filipinas entre 0 e 19 anos. Em todos os estudos, o grupo com DAI inicial obteve as maiores incidências. A maior parte dos indivíduos que se recuperaram do DAI inicial apresentaram crescimento acelerado considerando os três limites de canalização. O número de eventos de CUG durante a trajetória de crescimento foi o principal determinante da ocorrência de CUG final e recuperação do DAI, bem como o grau de DAI inicial e o estrato socioeconômico. Os efeitos randômicos sobre estes desfechos variaram em torno de 9%. Conclusões: Os resultados indicam potencial para o CUG e recuperação do DAI. O uso de distintos mensuradores levou a interpretações divergentes acerca da ocorrência de CUG


Introduction: Height-for-age déficits (stunting) describe failures in child growth and are associated with health and socioeconomic conditions. Evidence suggests that interventions during the first 1000 days of life are more effective in reducing the overall burden of stunting. However, there is evidence of recovery of stunting after this period, a phenomenon called catch-up growth (CUG). CUG describes a rapid linear growth that allows the individual to accelerate to and, under favorable conditions, return to their pre-disease growth curve. However, there is no uniformity in the operational definition of CUG and there are disagreements about the best CUG measurer, a decisive factor in the conclusions about the subject. Objectives: To analyze evidence of accelerated growth among children and adolescents of multiethnic populations using different forms of measurement and to characterize the epidemiological aspects of CUG. Methods: Databases of multiethnic populations were used. Height measurements were converted to z-score from the WHO standard and reference (2006/07). The CUG was evaluated by height-for-age z-score (HAZ) and height-for-age difference (HAD), in centimeters, by variation of these indices and by canalisation of growth, using three values of amplitude (0.67, 0.75 and 0.86 standard deviation), as well as by recovery of the initial stunting. The effects of growth-related factors on CUG were estimated in Poisson regression models and multilevel analysis. Among the independent variables configured socioeconomic, maternal and child characteristics and a contextual variable indicating the level of development of the country. Results: In the Young Lives Cohorts and in the Philippines HAZ declined in the early ages and increased until the last follow-up. HAD, however, indicated an increase in height deficit until the last follow up. In São Paulo and Great Britain, both indexes showed an increase between the initial and final periods, indicating an improvement in nutritional status. There was inequality of both indicators among the socioeconomic strata. Higher prevalence of stunting occurred in less developed countries, in rural areas, in households without access to sanitation, and in individuals with low birth weight, episodes of childhood diarrhea and whose mothers had short stature and lower schooling; there was a dose-response relationship with the income. There was a substantial recovery of stunting in all countries, with higher rates in the most developed. The incidence of CUG every five years ranged from 7.9% to 15.4% between 1 and 12 years of age and was 1% in the Philippines between 0 and 19 years. In all studies, the group with initial stunting had the highest incidence. Most of the individuals who recovered from the initial stunting presented accelerated growth considering the three canalisation limits. The number of CUG events during the growth trajectory was the main determinant of the occurrence of final CUG and recovery of the stunting, as well as the degree of initial stunting and the socioeconomic stratum. The random effects on these outcomes varied around 9%. Conclusions: The results indicate potential for CUG and recovery of stunting. The use of different measurers led to divergent interpretations regarding the occurrence of CUG


Subject(s)
Humans , Child , Adolescent , Population , Body Height/ethnology , Ethnicity , Hybridization, Genetic , Socioeconomic Factors , Failure to Thrive , Growth
3.
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-162114

ABSTRACT

Introduction: Height has been one of the impressive factors for personal identification of individuals since long ago & has always been of immense interest to anthropologists & for medico-legal purposes in Forensic Medicine. Methods: The present study was conducted on 800 Students (400 male & 400 female) medical students of cosmopolitan origin, ranging from age group of 17 – 25 years of Western U.P. The measurements were taken at fixed time between 2 to 5 p.m. to eliminate the discrepancies due to diurnal variation. Results: Gender differences with respect to the mean cranial length, cranial breadths were found to be significantly larger in males compared to females. Correlation coefficient between the stature and measured cranial dimensions were found to be statistically significant and positive in both males and females. Independent linear regression analyses for predicting the stature using the head length and head breadth in both genders were: Male - Stature = 109.97+3.18 x hl; Stature = 107.64+4.19 x hb Female - Stature = 121.54+2.03 x hl; Stature = 114.88+2.58 x hb. For height & cranial dimensions measurements, all three estimates yielded a very high degree of precision (TEM < 0.5 cm, rTEM < 0.84%, and R ≥ 0.98). These results suggest that both height and cranial dimensions a are sufficiently precise for anthropometric research applications. Conclusion: If one of the parameter is known the other can be known by applying the regression equations and this is of paramount importance to the forensic and anthropology sciences.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Body Height/analysis , Body Height/ethnology , Body Height/etiology , Cephalometry/methods , Craniology , Female , Gender Identity , Humans , India , Male , Population Groups , Skull/anatomy & histology , Skull/ethnology , Young Adult
4.
Cad. saúde pública ; 28(11): 2053-2062, nov. 2012. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-656413

ABSTRACT

The aim of this study was to describe the distribution of waist circumference (WC) and WC to height (WCTH) values among Kaingáng indigenous adolescents in order to estimate the prevalence of high WCTH values and evaluate the correlation between WC and WCTH and body mass index (BMI)-for-age. A total of 1,803 indigenous adolescents were evaluated using a school-based cross-sectional study. WCTH values > 0.5 were considered high. Higher mean WC and WCTH values were observed for girls in all age categories. WCTH values > 0.5 were observed in 25.68% of the overall sample of adolescents. Mean WC and WCTH values were significantly higher for adolescents with BMI/age z-scores > 2 than for those with normal z-scores. The correlation coefficients of WC and WCTH for BMI/age were r = 0.68 and 0.76, respectively, for boys, and r = 0.79 and 0.80, respectively, for girls. This study highlights elevated mean WC and WCTH values and high prevalence of abdominal obesity among Kaingáng indigenous adolescents.


Os objetivos do estudo foram descrever a distribuição das medidas de circunferência de cintura (CC) e CC/estatura (CC/E) para adolescentes indígenas Kaingáng; estimar a prevalência de valores elevados para CC/E; e avaliar a correlação entre CC e CC/E com o IMC/idade. Um total de 1.803 adolescentes indígenas foi avaliado no estudo seccional de base escolar. Foram considerados elevados valores de CC/E superiores a 0,5. Observaram-se maiores valores médios de CC e CC/E para meninas, em todas as faixas etárias. Valores de CC/E > 0,5 foram encontrados em 25,6% dos adolescentes. Valores médios de CC e CC/E foram significativamente maiores para os adolescentes com IMC/idade > 2 z-scores, em comparação aos eutróficos. Os coeficientes de correlações entre CC e CC/E com o IMC/idade foram: meninos: r = 0,68 e 0,76, respectivamente, e meninas: r = 0,79 e 0,80, respectivamente. Destaca-se proeminência de valores médios elevados de CC e CC/E e prevalências expressivas de obesidade abdominal.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Child , Female , Humans , Male , Young Adult , Body Height/ethnology , Health of Indigenous Peoples , Indians, South American , Obesity, Abdominal/epidemiology , Population Groups , Waist Circumference/ethnology , Body Mass Index , Brazil/epidemiology , Cross-Sectional Studies , Obesity, Abdominal/ethnology , Risk Factors , Sex Factors
5.
RBM rev. bras. med ; 68(3)mar. 2011.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-586159

ABSTRACT

Objetivo: Investigou-se associação entre baixa estatura (BE) e fatores de risco cardiovascular em mulheres de uma comunidade de baixa renda.Material e método: Estudo de delineamento transversal, para cálculo da amostra utilizou-se prevalência de obesidade abdominal de 20,5% (RCQ > 0,85) com margem de erro de 5% e IC95%. A amostra final foi de 160 mulheres, as quais foram categorizadas em quartis de estatura. Foram analisados parâmetros sociodemográficos, comportamentais, antropométricos e bioquímicos (colesterol total, HDL e LDL colesterol, triglicérides, ácido úrico, proteína C reativa ultra sensível (PCRus), fibrinogênio, glicemia, insulina, HOMA%B, HOMAIR).Resultados: As mulheres de BE apresentaram menor nível de escolaridade (p 0,01), maior prevalência de hipertensão (RP 11,0 IC 95% 1,47-61,8) e de sobrepeso/obesidade (RP 1,56 IC 0,70-1,41). Na análise multivariada ajustada para idade, IMC e RCQ, a BE associou-se inversa e significativa com PCRus, glicemia, insulinemia, resistência à insulina e com uma menor função das células beta pancreáticas. A prevalência de síndrome metabólica foi superior nas mulheres baixas quando comparadas às mulheres com estatura normal.Conclusões: Concluiu-se que as mulheres de BE apresentaram maior prevalência de fatores de risco cardiovascular quando comparado às mulheres situadas no quartil superior de estatura.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Adult , Body Height/ethnology , Body Height/physiology , Risk Factors , Abdominal Fat/metabolism
6.
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-134637

ABSTRACT

Estimation of stature holds a special place in the field of Forensic anthropometry. The present study is an attempt to evaluate a possible correlation between stature of an individual & six parameters; hand-length, hand-width, foot-length, foot-width, forearm length & knee-to-ankle length individually in a local population of Mumbai. A sample of 300 medical students; 147 male & 153 female studying in Grant Medical College & Sir JJ Group of Hospitals was considered & measurements were taken for each of the parameters. It was found that all the six parameters showed a correlation with stature but at different degrees (significance calculated through the paired t-test). Forearm-length showed the highest degree of correlation (r = 0.6558) followed by foot-length (r = 0.6102). Knee-to-ankle length showed the lowest degree of correlation (r = 0.2086). Mathematical formulae for estimating stature were developed for each of these parameters through basic linear regression. It can be concluded that the present study has provided regression equations for six different parameters that can be used for stature estimation in the population of Mumbai. These equations should not be used for other Indian population groups.


Subject(s)
Anthropometry , Body Height/analysis , Body Height/ethnology , Female , Foot/anatomy & histology , Forearm/anatomy & histology , Forensic Anthropology , Hand/anatomy & histology , Humans , India , Leg/anatomy & histology , Male , Population Groups
7.
Int. j. morphol ; 27(2): 305-309, June 2009. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-563074

ABSTRACT

La desaparición forzada es un fenómeno común en Colombia, diariamente aparecen restos humanos en fosas comunes, el estado tiene la responsabilidad de identificar tales restos, el proceso inicial de identificación debe determinar: género, raza, edad y talla. Nuestro objetivo es establecer la correlación existente entre la longitud de la tibia y la talla de un individuo con el fin de generar una ecuación que permita predecir la talla de un individuo a partir de los restos óseos de su tibia. Se evaluaron 168 cadáveres a quienes se les practicó la autopsia médico-legal, con edades comprendidas entre los 18 y 50 años. Se realizó la medición de la talla del sujeto y de la longitud máxima de su tibia luego de su disección, y se estimó la correlación existente entre estas dos variables a partir del coeficiente de correlación de Pearson y se aplica un modelo de regresión lineal para generar una ecuación que permita predecir la talla de un individuo a partir de la longitud de su tibia usando el paquete estadístico STATA 8.0. De las 168 mediciones de tibia y talla, la longitud promedio de la talla es 170 cm y de tibia 38,42 cm; el coeficiente de correlación de Pearson es 0,88. Al aplicar el modelo de regresión lineal se obtiene la ecuación T = 66,42 + (2.72 x LMT), donde la Talla (T) en cm es igual a 66,42 cm más el producto de 2,72 por la longitud máxima de la tibia en cm (LMT). Se genera una ecuación en población Colombiana que permite predecir la talla de un individuo desaparecido a partir de la longitud de los restos óseos de su tibia, de esta manera se contribuye al proceso de identificación de sujetos desaparecidos en Colombia.


Enforced disappearance is a common phenomenon in Colombia, appearing daily human remains in mass graves, the state has the responsibility to identify those remains, the initial process of identification is required to determine gender, race, age and height. Our goal is to establish the correlation between the length of the tibia and the height of an individual in order to generate an equation to predict the size of an individual from his tibia skeletal remains. We evaluated 168 corpses who are medico-legal autopsy practice, aged between 18 and 50 years old. It makes measuring the height of the subject and the length of the tibia after dissection, it is estimated the correlation between these two variables from the Pearson correlation and applies a linear regression model to generate an equation to predict the size of an individual from the length of the tibia using the statistical package STATA 8.0. Were obtained 168 tibia and height measurements, the average length of the height is 170 cm and tibia 38.42 cm, Pearson correlation coefficient is 0.88. By applying the linear regression model is obtained by the equation H = 66.42 + (2.72 x MLT), where height (H) cm is equal to 66.42 cm plus the product of 2.72 by the maximum length of tibia in cm (MLT). We generate an equation that predicts Colombian population height of an individual missing from the length of his tibia, thus contributing to the process of identification of missing in Colombia.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Body Height/ethnology , Body Weights and Measures/methods , Tibia/anatomy & histology , Biometry/methods , Colombia/ethnology , Crime , Postmortem Changes
8.
Iranian Journal of Pediatrics. 2009; 19 (1): 25-34
in English | IMEMR | ID: emr-91414

ABSTRACT

This study was performed to provide the curves of weight and height of 0-2 year-old children in Jahrom, Southeastern Iran. In a prospective study, 597 children born in Jahrom entered our study from April 2001 to December 2002. The height and weight of these children were recorded 18 times from one month to two years of age. Healy-Rasbash-Yang [HRY] method was used to estimate age related smoothed centiles. This method was implemented for the World Health Organisation as GROSTAT computer package. The mean weight of male newborns, except for one-month olds, was more than that of females. Before two months of age and among 2-year-olds, there was no significant difference between the weight of males and females. The mean height of male newborns, except for one month of age, was more than that of females. No more than cubic polynomials were needed to smoothly fit height for age and weight for age of children. The height of male and female children showed an increase by age up to two years. The weight of male and female children also increased by age but the speed of increase to six months was more than that of six months to two years of age. Our findings show that height and weight of children under two years of age in Jahrom were lower than those of National Center for Health Statistics [NCHS]. It is therefore deemed necessary to provide and establish a corresponding standard curve for this region. According to the NCHS measurements, some children may be considered thinner or shorter for no obvious reason


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Growth/standards , Prospective Studies , Weight Gain/ethnology , Body Height/ethnology , Body Height/analysis , Weights and Measures , /organization & administration
9.
Iranian Journal of Pediatrics. 2009; 19 (1): 35-40
in English | IMEMR | ID: emr-91415

ABSTRACT

Short stature is a common problem encountered by pediatricians and is the most common cause for referral to pediatric endocrinologists. Although most children referred with short stature are normal and classified as normal variants of stature [constitutional growth delay and familial short stature], it may sometimes be the only obvious manifestation of an endocrine or systemic disease. The objective of this study was to assess the characteristics of patients referred to pediatric endocrinology clinic because of short stature and determination of the etiology. Three hundred-seventy nine children and adolescents were studied which referred with short stature to pediatric endocrinology clinic. After complete clinical and paraclinical evaluation and appropriate treatment [if needed], patients were followed for at least six months. From 379 studied patients with a mean age of 9.7 +/- 3.7 years, 192 [50.7%] were girls and 187 [49.3%] boys [P=0.066]; short stature in 132 [34.8%] of patients was not approved. Normal variants of Short stature [familial and constitutional] constituted 53.3% of etiology in short patients. In 11.5% of short patients, no obvious etiology was found, and 9.8% were born with intra uterine growth retardation. Other causes were growth hormone deficiency, hypothyroidism, skeletal dysphasia, Turner syndrome, and malnutrition. A great number of children and adolescents referred with short stature to pediatric endocrinology clinics are not really short. Greater than half of short patients are normal variants of Short stature


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Body Height/ethnology , Fetal Growth Retardation/complications , Hypothyroidism/complications , Turner Syndrome/complications , Malnutrition/complications
10.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 133(4): 461-468, abr. 2005. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-417386

ABSTRACT

Background:Studies in Chilean adults of low socioeconomic level suggest that their low height is likely to be due to their indigenous background. However this group also has been marginalized from socioeconomic development. Aim: To determine the influence of Mapuche ethnic origin and socioeconomic factors on the height of adults. Subjects and methods: In a cross sectional design, the height of 1,293 adults (528 males and 765 females) of Mapuche and non Mapuche origin were studied in the Araucania Region (Southern Chile) and in the Metropolitan Region (Central Chile). Subjects with Mapuche surnames were considered as pertaining to this ethnic community and those with Spanish surnames were considered as non Mapuche. Linear regression models were done, stratifying by sex, considering ethnic origin, to live in counties of different social vulnerability, and the level of family poverty. Results: Among males, the mean height was 166.6n7.3 cm and among females, the figure was 153.6n5.9 cm. Mapuche subjects were significantly shorter: -3.2 cm (95 percent Confidence Interval (CI) -4.0 to -2.3) among females and -4.8 cm (CI -6.0 to -3.6) among males (non adjusted models). This deficit increased to -4.5 and -7.6 cm among females and males, respectively when they lived in poverty and in areas with highest social vulnerability. These differences decreased significantly if Mapuche subjects lived in communities with low social vulnerability and less poverty (-0.59 and -1.14 cm among females and males respectively). Conclusions: The studied population had low height, being lower in Mapuche subjects. The differences decreased among subjects living in counties of less vulnerability and less family poverty.


Subject(s)
Male , Adult , Humans , Female , Child , Social Conditions , Body Height/ethnology , Indians, South American/ethnology , Chile/ethnology , Urban Population
11.
Int. j. morphol ; 22(4): 339-342, dez. 2004. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-396056

ABSTRACT

El grupo étnico mapuche tiene una amplia distribución de asentamiento, predominantemente, en la zona costera de la IX Región de Chile, caracterizado por el aislamiento de centros urbanos e instituciones de la sociedad global chilena. Numerosos factores han sido considerados determinantes en una buena postura, entre ellos, los aspectos étnicos. Por tal motivo, nos propusimos identificar alteraciones a través de una evaluación postural en un grupo de individuos mapuche. Realizamos un estudio postural en 62 individuos (34 mujeres y 28 hombres) pertenecientes al grupo étnico mapuche, entre 3 y 70 años de edad, de reducciones de la zona costera de la IX Región de Chile. La evaluación postural se efectuó en horas de la mañana, de acuerdo al método de Kendall. Observamos la presencia de alteraciones a nivel de columna en el 35, por ciento de los individuos adultos, acompañados de giba costal. En la región pélvica la anteversión de cadera se presentó en el 44 por ciento de los individuos. El genu valgo se observó en el 51,6 por ciento y el recurvatum en el 32,3 por ciento de los individuos mapuche. El medio ambiente heterogéneo en los cuales habitan y cómo desarrollan sus actividades, podría estar influyendo en la postura de los individuos evaluados.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adolescent , Adult , Female , Child, Preschool , Child , Middle Aged , Anthropometry , Scoliosis/diagnosis , Scoliosis/epidemiology , Scoliosis/ethnology , Posture , Coasts , Hip/physiopathology , Chile/ethnology , Ethnicity , Body Height/ethnology , Pelvic Bones/physiopathology , Indians, South American , Knee/physiopathology
12.
Indian J Pediatr ; 2001 Oct; 68(10): 937-41
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-84315

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: Schoolchildren developing chronic musculoskeletal pain from carrying heavy backpacks (hereafter referred to as "pain") is a worldwide issue. The present study of two cohorts, consisting of 248 Indian and 103 American schoolchildren aged 9.0 to 20.6 years, using a semi-objective pain criteria, sought to answer the questions: Can pain be correlated with Body Mass Index (BMI), Weight Carried, Strength, Mood or Body Fat? What are the similarities and differences between the Indian and American schoolchildren in the above context? METHODS: After obtaining parental consent, the schoolchildren completed a questionnaire. Then, they were weighed with and without carry-on items and their height as recorded. Isometric arm and shoulder strengths were measured using the Jackson Strength Tester. Using a Skinfold Caliper, skinfold thicknesses at the right triceps and calf was measured. Using the Borg Pain Scale the students assessed the pain experienced from their own backpacks, rated the acute pain experienced while carrying a standard 10 kg. or 7 kg. backpack. RESULT: Half the schoolchildren reported pain located primarily in the shoulders and back (where most students carry their backpacks). Pain did not correlate with study variables (p > 0.05), and the student moods were mostly happy or neutral. Americans are five times as stressed or sad than the Indians, and the average weight carried decreased as the grade increased. The mean of the age, height, arm and shoulder strengths, and BMI for the 5th to 8th grade schoolchildren (younger groups) and the 9th to 12th grade schoolchildren (older groups), in India, was lower than their American counterparts (p < 0.05). In contrast, the weight carried to school by the Indian children was higher (p < 0.05). The mean pain level perceived by both the younger and older groups in both countries, was not statistically different (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Musculoskeletal pain in schoolchildren due to carrying heavy backpacks is a significant problem. There are some similarities, but a number of differences between the Indian and American schoolchildren. Implementing the Pain Prevention Screening is expected to minimize pain, if not lead to a pain-free child.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Affect , Body Height/ethnology , Body Mass Index , Child , Cohort Studies , Ergometry/methods , Humans , India/epidemiology , Musculoskeletal Diseases/etiology , Pain/epidemiology , United States/epidemiology , Weight-Bearing/physiology
13.
Salud pública Méx ; 42(6): 504-10, nov.-dic. 2000. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-280356

ABSTRACT

Objetivo. Analizar y comparar la estatura de niños que ingresan a la escuela y la de sus padres, de acuerdo con sus antecedentes étnicos y nivel socioeconómico. Material y métodos. Estudio transversal, realizado entre 1997 y 1999, en Santiago y la zona centro-sur de Chile, en 351 escolares indígenas y 531 no indígenas, y sus padres, pro-venientes de comunas de tres niveles de vulnerabilidad social: muy alta (pobreza), me-diana y muy baja. Escolar indígena era el que tenía sus cuatro ape-llidos mapuches, el no indígena tenía sus cuatro apellidos de origen chileno-español. La estatura se comparó en medidas estandarizadas (puntaje Z) utilizando como referencia la medición del cambio nutricional propuesta por la Organi-zación Mundial de la Salud. Se estimaron las diferencias de medias de estatura padres-hijos con análisis de varianza y se determinó el origen de tales diferencias al aplicar el procedimiento de Scheffe. Resultados. Los progenitores en ambas etnias aumenta-ron sus promedios de estatura al mejorar las condiciones sociales, excepto las madres indígenas que no presentaron incremento significativo. Los padres de la muy alta vulnerabilidad midieron 4 cm menos que los de la muy baja vulne-rabilidad y las madres 2 cm menos (p<0.001). En los escolares indígenas hay una gra-diente positiva de estatura a medida que mejoran las condicio-nes sociales (p<0.001), no así en los no indígenas. Al comparar la estatura de progenitores e hijo(a)s se observa que los escolares presentaron un índice talla/edad mayor que sus padres (p<0.01), especialmen-te los escola-res indígenas que en promedio tuvieron 1.4 puntajes Z más que sus padres. Conclusiones. El incremento de estatura observado al mejorar las condiciones sociales y la mayor adecuación de talla de los hijos, independientemente de la etnia y vulne-rabilidad social, representa un hecho alentador y sugiere que se debe estimular la formulación de intervenciones para los grupos más desfavorecidos, incluyendo a la población indígena.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child, Preschool , Adult , Parents , Body Height/ethnology , Ethnicity , Nutrition for Vulnerable Groups , Chile/ethnology
14.
Cad. saúde pública ; 14(3): 565-73, jul.-set. 1998. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-222233

ABSTRACT

Apresenta dados sobre tendência secular em estatura em recrutas da Marinha do Brasil nascidos no período 1940-1965. A amostra final constitui-se de 3.269 indivíduos com idade entre 18,00-18,99 anos. Foram realizadas as análises estatísticas: Anova (one-way e two-way), teste de Sheffe, regressäo simples entre estatura e ano de nascimento e múltipla, controlando para escolaridade (coeficiente angular), e Qui-Quadrado. Os resultados demonstraram existência de um aumento progressivo em estatura da ordem de 0,1 cm/ano para o conjunto das regiöes do país. Verificou-se tendência positiva em quase todas regiöes e estratos de escolaridade. Em nível nacional, este aumento pode ser atribuído a melhorias em alguns indicadores sanitários. Argumenta-se que os resultados näo podem ser diretamente extrapolados para a populaçäo brasileira como um todo, uma vez que os jovens que se alistam na Marinha apresentam um perfil antropométrico e sócio-econômico diferenciado daquele da populaçäo geral.


Subject(s)
Body Height/ethnology , Military Personnel , Analysis of Variance , Anthropometry , Nutritional Sciences
15.
Cad. saúde pública ; 13(3): 479-87, jul.-set. 1997. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-207751

ABSTRACT

Apresenta dados de um estudo sobre a evoluçäo da estatura em alistados e recrutas da Marinha do Brasil nascidos entre 1970 e 1977. A amostra constitui-se de 52574 alistados e 4459 recrutas com idades entre 18,00 e 18,99 anos. Na análise estatística foi utilizado o procedimento de análise de variância ("Two-way"), de regressäo linear simples entre estatura e ano de nascimento e múltipla controlando para escolaridade (coeficiente angular) e o qui quadrado. Os resultados demonstram que alistados e recrutas apresentaram incrementos em estatura, caracterizando um processo contemporâneo de tendência secular. Estes incrementos também estiveram presentes nas diversas macro-regiöes do país. Os resultados foram comparados a uma recente investigaçäo de representatividade nacional - Pesquisa Nacional sobre Saúde e Nutriçäo (PNSN) - e tanto alistados como recrutas apresentaram médias de estatura mais elevadas que as medianas reportadas pela PNSN. O nível de escolaridade dos indivíduos da Marinha é alto e bem superior ao evidenciado para a populaçäo brasileira. Este conjunto de informaçöes sugere que os jovens que se alistam na Marinha säo em média de status sócio-econômico mais elevado se comparados a populaçäo brasileira em geral, o que limita as possibilidades de extrapolaçäo dos achados desta investigaçäo.


Subject(s)
Body Height/ethnology , Military Personnel , Analysis of Variance , Anthropometry , Nutritional Sciences
16.
Arch. argent. pediatr ; 94(6): 369-75, 1996. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-215630

ABSTRACT

Introducción: Entre los parámetros auxológicos la talla es la que mejor resume la interacción de los factores genéticos y ambientales. Entre estos últimos la altura geográfica representa un factor de acción continua e inevitable sobre el crecimiento y desarrollo de las poblaciones que permite desagregar a las mismas de acuerdo a su localización sobre el nivel del mar. Este trabajo se propone evaluar la variación de la talla en la población escolar de 6 a 9 años de edad de la provincia de Jujuy residente en distintos niveles altitudinales y compararla con los estándares nacionales. Material y métodos: Los datos procedieron del Censo de Talla de Escolares de Primer Grado (1993) en el que fueron evaluados 16.644 niños residentes en las 4 regiones provinciales situadas a distintos niveles de altitud (Puna = 3.500 m.s.n.m.; Quebrada = 2.500 m.s.n.m.; Valle = 2.500 m.s.n.m.; Ramal = 500 m.s.n.m.) Se determinaron los siguientes parámetros estadísticos: media, percentilo, desvío estándar, valor mínimo y máximo. El análisis de varianza para muestras desiguales y la prueba de Scheffé fueron utilizados para establecer las diferencias de talla entre las regiones y la prueba Z para comparar las poblaciones locales con los estándares nacionales. Resultados: En la población estudiada los niños de las tierras altas (Puna y Quebrada) fueron significativamente más bajos que los del Valle y Ramal en ambos sexos y en todos los grupos etarios considerados. La compararción con las poblaciones de referencia demostró que la talla promedio de los niños jujeños de cualquier sexo difiere de éstas permitiendo inferir que se trata de poblaciones distintas. Discusión: Estos hallazgos plantean la necesidad de contar con estándares provinciales o al menos regionales, basados en criterios metodológicos precisos, actualizados y controlados periódicamente que reflejen con mayor precisión las características biológicas de sus poblaciones y las del medio ambiente en el que éstas se desarrollan


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Altitude , Argentina , Body Height , School Health Services , Body Height/ethnology , Growth , Socioeconomic Factors , Weight by Height
17.
Acta andin ; 4(1): 53-64, 1995. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-187072

ABSTRACT

Se han estudiado 6,706 escolares de ambos sexos, entre, los 6 y 18 años de edad, de las provincias de Lima (150 metros), Arequipa (2363 metros), Huancayo (3249 metros), y Puno (3872 metros). Los datos se comparan con los obtenidos por Pretto en los años 1945-46 para las mismas ciudades. El estudio socioeconómico se realizó mediante el método de graffar cuya clasificación se basa en cinco variables: ocupación, instrucción de los padres y fuente de ingreso, calidad de la vivienda y barrio donde habita la familia. La clasificación de Graffar divide a la población en cinco clases siendo la I la más elevada y la V la más baja. En el presente estudio el Grupo del Colegio Quiñonez y y el de arequipa son considerados en el nivel II mientras que el grupo del colegio Ricardo Bentín, el de Puno y Huancayo se incluyen en el nivel IV; igualmente los escolares estudiados por Pretto en 1945 y 1946 corresponden al nivel socioeconmico IV. Las tallas y pesos de los escolares del nivel socioeconómico II de Graffar de Lima (150 m) y los de arequipa (2363 m) siguen los mismo patrones pondoestaturales con respecto a las curvas del NCHS. No existe diferencia significativa en las tallas y pesos del grupo II de Graffar. Los escolares del nivel socioeconómico IV de Grafar a nivel del mar son de menor talla y peso que los del grupo II de Graffar. Las tallas de los escolares del nivel del mar están entre los percentiles 5 y 15 del NCHS en tanto que en la altura en escolares del mismo nivel socioeconómico se encuentra entre los percentiles 3 y 10. En 1945, la talla se encuentra por debajo del percentil 3. Se ha verificado el incremento secular en lima, Hunacayo y Puno, siendo el factor socioeconómico el preponderante.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Altitude , Anthropometry , Body Height/ethnology , Socioeconomic Factors
18.
Annals of Saudi Medicine. 1993; 13 (2): 170-1
in English | IMEMR | ID: emr-27048
19.
Annals of Saudi Medicine. 1993; 13 (4): 344-9
in English | IMEMR | ID: emr-27082
20.
Arch. latinoam. nutr ; 41(2): 197-212, jun. 1991. ilus, mapas, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-103081

ABSTRACT

El promedio de la talla de adultos es un indicador de la evolución histórica (a través de los siglos) de la situación socieconómica y nutricional de una población homogénea. Asimismo, la variación de estatura media entre generaciones adultas de una misma población ha revelado ser un indicador de la evolución a largo plazo ( a través de las generaciones) de las condiciones de vida de la misma, y complementa muy bien los indicadores antropométricos usuales válidos a un medio y largo plazo. Los datos disponibles sobre la talla de adultos para el área rural de Bolivia indican que las condiciones de salud, higiene y sobre todo de alimentación, no han mejorado en las zonas aymara y quechua, desde la proclamación de la República (1825), y que en la zona amazónica (Beni) se habrían má bien deteriorado). Del análisis de las variaciones de la talla media entre generaciones adultas se concluyó que, durante los últimos decenios, las condiciones ambientales se han mantenido iguales en la zona aymara; mientras que en la zona quechua parecen haber empeorado. En cambio, se observa una cierta recuperación en Amazonia y una mejora en el Chaco


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , History, 19th Century , History, 20th Century , Biological Evolution , Body Height/physiology , Rural Population/trends , Body Height/ethnology , Bolivia , Sex Characteristics , Socioeconomic Factors
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